bsc life science 2024 kuk pyq 2nd sem

Compulsory Question (Question No. 1): Explain the concept of hybridization in covalent bonding.1 Discuss Fajan's rule.1 Explain the significance of the half-life period in determining the rate of reaction.2 Discuss the limitations of Baeyer's strain theory in explaining the stability of cycloalkanes.2 Explain the distinction between hydrogen bonding and Van der Waals forces.2 Unit-I Explain the Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) theory and its use in predicting molecular shapes, providing examples (linear, trigonal planar, tetrahedral, octahedral arrangements).3 Describe the formation and geometry of $\text{BF}_3$ and $\text{SF}_6$ using hybridization, explaining the type of hybrid orbitals involved in each case.456 Calculate the bond order of the nitrogen molecule ($\text{N}_2$) using Molecular Orbital Theory and predict its stability.7 Describe the structure and coordination number of $\text{NaCl}$.8 Explain the application and one limitation of the radius ratio rule for predicting the coordination number in $\text{NaCl}$.8 Derive the lattice energy of sodium chloride ($\text{NaCl}$) using the Born-Haber cycle, given specific data (Ionization energy of Na, Electron affinity of $\text{Cl}^{-1}$, Sublimation energy of Na, Dissociation energy of $\text{Cl}_2$, Formation enthalpy of $\text{NaCl}$).9 Define solvation energy and discuss its effect on the solubility of ionic solids.10 Unit-II Define the rate of a chemical reaction and write the general form of the rate equation.11 Discuss two factors that influence the rate of a chemical reaction.11 Derive the integrated rate expression for a first-order reaction.12 Show how the half-life period for a first-order reaction is independent of the initial concentration of the reactant.12 Calculate the activation energy ($\text{Ea}$) for a reaction using the Arrhenius equation, given rate constants at $300\text{ K}$ and $350\text{ K}$.13 Derive the Nernst distribution law thermodynamically for a solute distributing between two immiscible solvents and explain the assumptions made.14 Discuss the modifications in the Nernst distribution law when the solute undergoes association in one of the phases and provide one example.15 Calculate the degree of hydrolysis ($h$) of aniline hydrochloride, given its concentration in water and an organic solvent and its hydrolysis constant ($\text{K}_h$).16 Unit-III Explain the mechanism of free radical halogenation of alkanes.17 Discuss the factors affecting the reactivity and selectivity of the halogenation process.17 Describe the Wurtz reaction and the Corey-House reaction, providing one example and the chemical equations for each.18 Calculate the number of structural isomers possible for the alkane with the molecular formula $\text{C}5\text{H}{12}$ and draw their structures.19 Explain the mechanism of dehydration of alcohols to form alkenes.20 Use 2-butanol as an example to show the formation of the major product and discuss the role of the Saytzeff rule.20 Describe the hydroboration-oxidation reaction of alkenes.21 Use 1-hexene as an example to outline the mechanism, show the structure of the product formed, and explain why this reaction does not follow Markownikoff's rule.21 Predict the major product of the reaction $\text{CH}_3-\text{CH}-\text{CH}_2+\text{HBr}\longrightarrow???$ and justify the answer using Markownikoff's rule.22 Unit-IV Define hydrogen bonding and distinguish between intermolecular and intramolecular hydrogen bonding.23 Provide one example for each type and explain how these bonds influence the physical properties of the substances involved.23 Discuss the effects of hydrogen bonding on the boiling point and solubility of substances.24 Explain why water has a higher boiling point than methane and why alcohols are generally more soluble in water than ethers of comparable molecular weight.24 Briefly describe the two main types of Van der Waals forces.25 Explain the band theory of metallic bonding.25 Account for the electrical conductivity of conductors, semiconductors, and insulators using the band theory.25 Discuss the different types of semiconductors and how they are categorized.26 Explain the significance of semiconductors in electronic devices.27 Describe one key application of silicon (a widely used semiconductor material) in modern technology.2